Building quickly and cheaply, but with a concept: Making a home for refugees in Germany 短時間 低成本 給德國難民一個家

 

The German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt is inspiring politicians with its exhibition on architecture for refugees. It's been chosen to represent Germany at the Venice Biennale in 2016, and the world will be watching.

位於法蘭克福的德國建築博物館正利用它給予難民建築物的展覽來激勵政治家，這被選來在2016威尼斯雙年展做為德國的代表，世界都將關注著。

Accommodation is a basic need for everyone who lives in Germany - and it must be affordable, believes Peter Cachola Schmal, the director of the German Architecture Museum, and his curators Oliver Elser and Anna Scheuermann.

住宿對所有住在德國的人來說是基本需求，且必須是負擔得起的，德國建築博物館的負責人Peter Cachola Schmal和他的館長Oliver Elser及Anna Scheuermann相信著。

Hundreds of thousands of homes are already urgently needed in Germany. "The problem is not new," says Scheuermann, "but it has been exacerbated through the arrival of so many refugees." More than a million people have arrived in Germany in 2015. To meet the demand, at least 400,000 new units need to be built every year until 2020, according to a study by the housing industry. But much fewer are actually being built. As a result, half a million people could end up homeless by 2018.
德國現在急需成千上萬個家，Scheuermann表示：「這個問題並不是新的問題，但這個狀況隨著過多的難民到來而惡化。」，在2015年超過一百萬人抵達德國，根據住宅產業的研究顯示，為了滿足需求，直到2020每年都必須建造至少40萬套新建築，但事實上建造的數量並沒有這麼多，因此在2018年有50萬人可以結束無家可歸的日子。


"We want to explore how architecture can help turn refugees into settlers": Elser (at right) 
我們想要研究建築物該如何幫助難民成為移居者。

The administrative offices of the German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt are housed in a magnificent building from the 19th century. Boxes pile up in the office of the museum's director. Folders fill entire bookshelves. At the conference table, Schmal, Elser and Scheuermann go through the different propositions sent by architects, municipal authorities and refugee support groups on the topic "Building for refugees and migrants."
從十九世紀開始，位於法蘭克福的德國建築博物館行政辦事處就設在一棟華麗的建築物裡，箱子堆放在博物館負責人的辦公室裡，文件夾放滿了整個書架，在會議桌上，Schmal、Elser和Scheuermann翻閱從建築師、市府當局和難民支援小組所寄來的不同提案，主題是「為了難民和移居者建造」。

New refugee shelters are growing like mushrooms in Germany. Municipalities are hurriedly setting up halls and container villages to accommodate them; empty factories or former barracks are also being transformed to provide more possibilities. "They need to build quickly, with little money, that's their goal," says Scheuermann. "Many architects are very committed. They're aware of the problems."
在德國，新的難民庇護所像蘑菇一樣迅速增加，市政當局正匆忙地安排大廳及集裝箱村落以供他們居住，空的工廠或以前的營房也都被轉變來提供更多的可能性，Scheuermann表示：「他們必須迅速且低成本的建造，這是他們的目標。許多建築師都非常盡心盡力，他們意識到這個問題的存在。」

Yet the curators also know that in many cases, these refugee shelters are located at the edges of cities, in industrial areas, where there are no shops, barely any public transportation and obviously no jobs. "It's a race against time," summarizes Schmal. The growing demand is also making construction costs explode.
但是負責人也知道了許多情況，這些難民庇護所位在工業區的城市邊緣，這裡沒有商店，幾乎沒有大眾交通工具，而且很明顯地並沒有工作機會。Schmal總結：「這是一場和時間的比賽。」，增加的需求也使得建造成本激增。

'Nobody' in charge
沒有人監管

Construction costs for new buildings are now about 1,500 euros ($1,630) per square meter (10.75 square feet). Under that price, nothing can be built, explains Schmal. Yet many municipalities cannot afford to pay that much. Still, if a town is assigned a quota of refugees from the district, it has to deal with their accommodation quickly, as prescribed by law.
現在建造新建築的成本大約是每平方公尺(10.75平方英尺)1,500歐元(1,630美元)，Schmal解釋，若低於這個價格就無法建造，但許多市府當局無法支付這麼高的價格，然而，如果一個城鎮被地區分派到一定配額的難民，依照法律規定，必須迅速處理他們的住宿。

At least 400,000 new units for refugees need to be built every year until 2020. 
直到2020年，每年至少要建造40萬套建築讓難民居住。

To meet the demand, building companies often offer "all-inclusive" packages that are then rented by municipalities that don't have any other options. "The problem is imposed from authorities at the top and it has to be resolved from the bottom level," says Schmal. The current "several billion-euro" investment program is the largest since right after World War II, he adds. Even building companies from countries which are not taking on refugees, such as Poland, are involved in the effort.
為了符合需求，建造公司通常會提供整套方案，(方案內容)會被市政當局毫無選擇地租借，Schmal表示：「這個問題是當局高層強加而來，必須從最底層開始解決。」，他補充道，現在的「多種十億歐元」投資方案是從第二次世界大戰至今最龐大的，就連沒有接受難民的國家，如波蘭，他們的建造公司也都一起在努力中。

"Who is in charge of overseeing everything being built for refugees in the country? Nobody," says Elser. "The whole world is following what's happening in Germany, because we have welcomed the most refugees and everyone wants to know how we are managing that," adds Schmal.
Elser說：「誰必須負責監督在國家內建造給難民的一切? 沒有人。」，Schmal補充道：「整個世界都在關注德國發生的事情，因為我們接受最多的難民，大家都想知道我們如何管理這件事。」

The shortage of affordable housing is not just affecting refugees. "In many places, middle-class families cannot find an apartment they can afford either," says Scheuermann. There are more apartments than ever in Germany, but people are using up more space as well. Every German inhabits 45 square meters on average - that's more than twice as much as right after World War II.
缺少可負擔的房子不只會影響到難民，Scheuermann表示：「在許多地方，中產階級的家庭也無法找到他們能夠負擔的公寓。」，在德國現在有比之前任何時候都更多的公寓，但人們也用盡更多的空間，每個德國人平均居住45平方公尺，足足超越了第二次世界大戰一結束後的兩倍。

Inspired by the past
被過去激勵

So where should the refugees go? "There is a lack of social housing," says Schmal. He fears that conflicts over the distribution of accommodation between the poorer population and the refugees will put a strain on the social climate.
所以難民應該往何處去? Schmal表示：「缺乏社會住房(地方市政提供的廉價房屋)。」，他擔心貧窮人口和難民之間對於住宿分配的衝突會給社會風氣帶來極大的壓力。

German communities have been struggling to house refugees.
德國社會在盡力安置難民。

Scheuermann believes the accommodations must be open, with small rooms, not necessarily perfect - but cheap. People need a place where they can build a social network, and meet people who share their language, religion and habits. She points to a model, the Ernst-May settlement in Frankfurt, where 15,000 housing units were built between 1925 and 1930.
Scheuermann相信住宿必須開放，有小房間，不一定完美但很便宜，人們需要的地方是要能夠建立社交網路，並能認識分享他們的語言、宗教和習慣的人，她指出一個模範，法蘭克福的Ernst-May 住宅，在1925到1930年間建造了15,000房屋單位。

"The homes were small, but they also offered gardens to grow vegetables." Offering "do-it-yourself" possibilities facilitated integration. When people are allowed to design their environment, they can also feel at home.
「家很小，但也能提供庭院來種蔬菜。」，提供「自己動手做」的可能性促進了(不同種族、宗教的人的)一體化，當人們被允許能設計他們自己的環境，能產生在家的感覺。

Schmal, Elser and Scheuermann are not primarily focusing on the concept of "integration" - they prefer to use the term "home," or "Heimat" in German. Their concept for an exhibition called "Making Heimat. Germany, Arrival Country" convinced Barbara Hendricks, Germany's minister for building, to commission the team to design the German pavilion for the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2016. "We want to explore how architecture can help turn refugees into settlers," says Elser.
Schmal、Elser和Scheuermann主要並不是集中於「一體化」的概念，他們傾向於使用「家」這個詞，或德文的「家鄉」，他們所呈現出來的概念為「創造家鄉，德國，抵達國家」，說服了德國的部長Barbara Hendricks建造，委任團隊設計2016年威尼斯建築雙年展的德國館，Elser表示：「我們想要研究建築物該如何幫助難民成為移居者。」

"First people build houses, and then houses form people," philosopher Albert Schweitzer once said. This idea guides the team. They will publish the first results of their research online in February. The Venice Biennale begins in May. Until then, their reflection continues.
哲學家Albert Schweitzer曾經說過：「一開始人建造房子，後來房子塑造人。」，這個理念引導著團隊，他們二月會在線上發布他們的第一個研究結果，威尼斯雙年展是在五月展開，直到那個時候，他們仍會持續省思。

*補充:
Ernst-May settlement → http://goo.gl/TKe9Z7 

原文網址：http://goo.gl/IR8QQt